Jolly Mani |online now at blogger|

A web standards checklistThe term web standards can mean different things to different people. For some, it is 'table-free sites', for others it is 'using valid code'. However, web standards are much broader than that. A site built to web standards should adhere to standards (HTML, XHTML, XML, CSS, XSLT, DOM, MathML, SVG etc) and pursue best practices (valid code, accessible code, semantically correct code, user-friendly URLs etc).In other words, a site built to web standards should ideally be lean, clean, CSS-based, accessible, usable and search engine friendly.About the checklistThis is not an uber-checklist. There are probably many items that could be added. More importantly, it should not be seen as a list of items that must be addressed on every site that you develop. It is simply a guide that can be used:* to show the breadth of web standards* as a handy tool for developers during the production phase of websites* as an aid for developers who are interested in moving towards web standardsThe checklist1.Quality of code1. Does the site use a correct Doctype?2. Does the site use a Character set?3. Does the site use Valid (X)HTML?4. Does the site use Valid CSS?5. Does the site use any CSS hacks?6. Does the site use unnecessary classes or ids?7. Is the code well structured?8. Does the site have any broken links?9. How does the site perform in terms of speed/page size?10. Does the site have JavaScript errors?2. Degree of separation between content and presentation1. Does the site use CSS for all presentation aspects (fonts, colour, padding, borders etc)?2. Are all decorative images in the CSS, or do they appear in the (X)HTML?3. Accessibility for users1. Are "alt" attributes used for all descriptive images?2. Does the site use relative units rather than absolute units for text size?3. Do any aspects of the layout break if font size is increased?4. Does the site use visible skip menus?5. Does the site use accessible forms?6. Does the site use accessible tables?7. Is there sufficient colour brightness/contrasts?8. Is colour alone used for critical information?9. Is there delayed responsiveness for dropdown menus (for users with reduced motor skills)?10. Are all links descriptive (for blind users)?4. Accessibility for devices1. Does the site work acceptably across modern and older browsers?2. Is the content accessible with CSS switched off or not supported?3. Is the content accessible with images switched off or not supported?4. Does the site work in text browsers such as Lynx?5. Does the site work well when printed?6. Does the site work well in Hand Held devices?7. Does the site include detailed metadata?8. Does the site work well in a range of browser window sizes?5. Basic Usability1. Is there a clear visual hierarchy?2. Are heading levels easy to distinguish?3. Does the site have easy to understand navigation?4. Does the site use consistent navigation?5. Are links underlined?6. Does the site use consistent and appropriate language?7. Do you have a sitemap page and contact page? Are they easy to find?8. For large sites, is there a search tool?9. Is there a link to the home page on every page in the site?10. Are visited links clearly defined with a unique colour?6. Site management1. Does the site have a meaningful and helpful 404 error page that works from any depth in the site?2. Does the site use friendly URLs?3. Do your URLs work without "www"?4. Does the site have a favicon?1. Quality of code1.1 Does the site use a correct Doctype?A doctype (short for 'document type declaration') informs the validator which version of (X)HTML you're using, and must appear at the very top of every web page. Doctypes are a key component of compliant web pages: your markup and CSS won't validate without them.CODEhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/doctype/More:CODEhttp://www.w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.htmlCODEhttp://css.maxdesign.com.au/listamatic/about-boxmodel.htmCODEhttp://gutfeldt.ch/matthias/articles/doctypeswitch.html1.2 Does the site use a Character set?If a user agent (eg. a browser) is unable to detect the character encoding used in a Web document, the user may be presented with unreadable text. This information is particularly important for those maintaining and extending a multilingual site, but declaring the character encoding of the document is important for anyone producing XHTML/HTML or CSS.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/International/tutorials/tutorial-char-enc/More:CODEhttp://www.w3.org/International/O-charset.html1.3 Does the site use Valid (X)HTML?Valid code will render faster than code with errors. Valid code will render better than invalid code. Browsers are becoming more standards compliant, and it is becoming increasingly necessary to write valid and standards compliant HTML.CODEhttp://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/sit2003/06.htmMore:CODEhttp://validator.w3.org/1.4 Does the site use Valid CSS?You need to make sure that there aren't any errors in either your HTML or your CSS, since mistakes in either place can result in botched document appearance.CODEhttp://www.meyerweb.com/eric/articles/webrev/199904.htmlMore:CODEhttp://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/1.5 Does the site use any CSS hacks?Basically, hacks come down to personal choice, the amount of knowledge you have of workarounds, the specific design you are trying to achieve.CODEhttp://www.mail-archive.com/wsg@webstandardsgroup.org/msg05823.htmlMore:CODEhttp://css-discuss.incutio.com/?page=CssHackCODEhttp://css-discuss.incutio.com/?page=ToHackOrNotToHackCODEhttp://centricle.com/ref/css/filters/1.6 Does the site use unnecessary classes or ids?I've noticed that developers learning new skills often end up with good CSS but poor XHTML. Specifically, the HTML code tends to be full of unnecessary divs and ids. This results in fairly meaningless HTML and bloated style sheets.CODEhttp://www.clagnut.com/blog/228/1.7 Is the code well structured?Semantically correct markup uses html elements for their given purpose. Well structured HTML has semantic meaning for a wide range of user agents (browsers without style sheets, text browsers, PDAs, search engines etc.)CODEhttp://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/benefits/index04.htmMore:CODEhttp://www.w3.org/2003/12/semantic-extractor.html1.8 Does the site have any broken links?Broken links can frustrate users and potentially drive customers away. Broken links can also keep search engines from properly indexing your site.More:CODEhttp://validator.w3.org/checklink1.9 How does the site perform in terms of speed/page size?Don't make me wait... That's the message users give us in survey after survey. Even broadband users can suffer the slow-loading blues.CODEhttp://www.websiteoptimization.com/speed/1.10 Does the site have JavaScript errors?Internet Explore for Windows allows you to turn on a debugger that will pop up a new window and let you know there are javascript errors on your site. This is available under 'Internet Options' on the Advanced tab. Uncheck 'Disable script debugging'.2. Degree of separation between content and presentation2.1 Does the site use CSS for all presentation aspects (fonts, colour, padding, borders etc)?Use style sheets to control layout and presentation.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-style-sheets2.2 Are all decorative images in the CSS, or do they appear in the (X)HTML?The aim for web developers is to remove all presentation from the html code, leaving it clean and semantically correct.CODEhttp://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/benefits/index07.htm3. Accessibility for users3.1 Are "alt" attributes used for all descriptive images?Provide a text equivalent for every non-text elementCODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-text-equivalent3.2 Does the site use relative units rather than absolute units for text size?Use relative rather than absolute units in markup language attribute values and style sheet property values'.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-relative-unitsMore:CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-relative-unitsCODEhttp://www.clagnut.com/blog/348/3.3 Do any aspects of the layout break if font size is increased?Try this simple test. Look at your website in a browser that supports easy incrementation of font size. Now increase your browser's font size. And again. And again... Look at your site. Does the page layout still hold together? It is dangerous for developers to assume that everyone browses using default font sizes.3.4 Does the site use visible skip menus?A method shall be provided that permits users to skip repetitive navigation links.CODEhttp://www.section508.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Content&ID=12Group related links, identify the group (for user agents), and, until user agents do so, provide a way to bypass the group.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-TECHS/#tech-group-links...blind visitors are not the only ones inconvenienced by too many links in a navigation area. Recall that a mobility-impaired person with poor adaptive technology might be stuck tabbing through that morass.CODEhttp://joeclark.org/book/sashay/serialization/Chapter08.html#h4-2020More:CODEhttp://www.niehs.nih.gov/websmith/508/o.htm3.5 Does the site use accessible forms?Forms aren't the easiest of things to use for people with disabilities. Navigating around a page with written content is one thing, hopping between form fields and inputting information is another.CODEhttp://www.htmldog.com/guides/htmladvanced/forms/More:CODEhttp://www.webstandards.org/learn/tutorials/accessible-forms/01-accessible-forms.htmlCODEhttp://www.accessify.com/tools-and-wizards/accessible-form-builder.aspCODEhttp://accessify.com/tutorials/better-accessible-forms.asp3.6 Does the site use accessible tables?For data tables, identify row and column headers... For data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers, use markup to associate data cells and header cells.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-table-headersMore:CODEhttp://www.bcc.ctc.edu/webpublishing/ada/resources/tables.aspCODEhttp://www.accessify.com/tools-and-wizards/accessible-table-builder_step1.aspCODEhttp://www.webaim.org/techniques/tables/3.7 Is there sufficient colour brightness/contrasts?Ensure that foreground and background colour combinations provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having colour deficits.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-colour-contrastMore:CODEhttp://www.juicystudio.com/services/colourcontrast.asp3.8 Is colour alone used for critical information?Ensure that all information conveyed with colour is also available without colour, for example from context or markup.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-colour-conveyThere are basically three types of colour deficiency; Deuteranope (a form of red/green colour deficit), Protanope (another form of red/green colour deficit) and Tritanope (a blue/yellow deficit- very rare).More:CODEhttp://colourfilter.wickline.org/CODEhttp://www.toledo-bend.com/colourblind/Ishihara.htmlCODEhttp://www.vischeck.com/vischeck/vischeckURL.php3.9 Is there delayed responsiveness for dropdown menus?Users with reduced motor skills may find dropdown menus hard to use if responsiveness is set too fast.3.10 Are all links descriptive?Link text should be meaningful enough to make sense when read out of context - either on its own or as part of a sequence of links. Link text should also be terse.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-meaningful-links4. Accessibility for devices.4.1 Does the site work acceptably across modern and older browsers?Before starting to build a CSS-based layout, you should decide which browsers to support and to what level you intend to support them.CODEhttp://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/process/index_step01.cfm4.2 Is the content accessible with CSS switched off or not supported?Some people may visit your site with either a browser that does not support CSS or a browser with CSS switched off. In content is structured well, this will not be an issue.4.3 Is the content accessible with images switched off or not supported?Some people browse websites with images switched off - especially people on very slow connections. Content should still be accessible for these people.4.4 Does the site work in text browsers such as Lynx?This is like a combination of images and CSS switched off. A text-based browser will rely on well structured content to provide meaning.More:CODEhttp://www.delorie.com/web/lynxview4.5 Does the site work well when printed?You can take any (X)HTML document and simply style it for print, without having to touch the markup.CODEhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/goingtoprint/More:CODEhttp://www.d.umn.edu/itss/support/Training/Online/webdesign/css.html#print4.6 Does the site work well in Hand Held devices?This is a hard one to deal with until hand held devices consistently support their correct media type. However, some layouts work better in current hand-held devices. The importance of supporting hand held devices will depend on target audiences.4.7 Does the site include detailed metadata?Metadata is machine understandable information for the webCODEhttp://www.w3.org/Metadata/Metadata is structured information that is created specifically to describe another resource. In other words, metadata is 'data about data'.4.8 Does the site work well in a range of browser window sizes?It is a common assumption amongst developers that average screen sizes are increasing. Some developers assume that the average screen size is now 1024px wide. But what about users with smaller screens and users with hand held devices? Are they part of your target audience and are they being disadvantaged?5. Basic Usability5.1 Is there a clear visual hierarchy?Organise and prioritise the contents of a page by using size, prominence and content relationships.CODEhttp://www.great-web-design-tips.com/web-site-design/165.html5.2 Are heading levels easy to distinguish?Use header elements to convey document structure and use them according to specification.CODEhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tech-logical-headings5.3 Is the site's navigation easy to understand?Your navigation system should give your visitor a clue as to what page of the site they are currently on and where they can go next.CODEhttp://www.1stsitefree.com/design_nav.htm5.4 Is the site's navigation consistent?If each page on your site has a consistent style of presentation, visitors will find it easier to navigate between pages and find informationCODEhttp://www.juicystudio.com/tutorial/accessibility/navigation.asp5.5 Does the site use consistent and appropriate language?The use of clear and simple language promotes effective communication. Trying to come across as articulate can be as difficult to read as poorly written grammar, especially if the language used isn't the visitor's primary language.CODEhttp://www.juicystudio.com/tutorial/accessibility/clear.asp5.6 Does the site have a sitemap page and contact page? Are they easy to find?Most site maps fail to convey multiple levels of the site's information architecture. In usability tests, users often overlook site maps or can't find them. Complexity is also a problem: a map should be a map, not a navigational challenge of its own.CODEhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20020106.html5.7 For large sites, is there a search tool?While search tools are not needed on smaller sites, and some people will not ever use them, site-specific search tools allow users a choice of navigation options.5.8 Is there a link to the home page on every page in the site?Some users like to go back to a site's home page after navigating to content within a site. The home page becomes a base camp for these users, allowing them to regroup before exploring new content.5.9 Are links underlined?To maximise the perceived affordance of clickability, colour and underline the link text. Users shouldn't have to guess or scrub the page to find out where they can click.CODEhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040510.html5.10 Are visited links clearly defined?Most important, knowing which pages they've already visited frees users from unintentionally revisiting the same pages over and over again.CODEhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040503.html6. Site management6.1 Does the site have a meaningful and helpful 404 error page that works from any depth in the site?You've requested a page - either by typing a URL directly into the address bar or clicking on an out-of-date link and you've found yourself in the middle of cyberspace nowhere. A user-friendly website will give you a helping hand while many others will simply do nothing, relying on the browser's built-in ability to explain what the problem is.CODEhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/perfect404/6.2 Does the site use friendly URLs?Most search engines (with a few exceptions - namely Google) will not index any pages that have a question mark or other character (like an ampersand or equals sign) in the URL... what good is a site if no one can find it?CODEhttp://www.sitepoint.com/article/search-engine-friendly-urlsOne of the worst elements of the web from a user interface standpoint is the URL. However, if they're short, logical, and self-correcting, URLs can be acceptably usableCODEhttp://www.merges.net/theory/20010305.htmlMore:CODEhttp://www.sitepoint.com/article/search-engine-friendly-urlsCODEhttp://www.websitegoodies.com/article/32CODEhttp://www.merges.net/theory/20010305.html6.3 Does the site's URL work without "www"?While this is not critical, and in some cases is not even possible, it is always good to give people the choice of both options. If a user types your domain name without the www and gets no site, this could disadvantage both the user and you.6.4 Does the site have a favicon?A Favicon is a multi-resolution image included on nearly all professionally developed sites. The Favicon allows the webmaster to further promote their site, and to create a more customized appearance within a visitor's browser.CODEhttp://www.favicon.com/Favicons are definitely not critical. However, if they are not present, they can cause 404 errors in your logs (site statistics). Browsers like IE will request them from the server when a site is bookmarked. If a favicon isn't available, a 404 error may be generated. Therefore, having a favicon could cut down on favicon specific 404 errors. The same is true of a 'robots.txt' file.

Choosing A Good Domain NameChoosing a domain name for your site is one of the most important steps towards creating the perfect internet presence. If you run an on-line business, picking a name that will be marketable and achieve success in search engine placement is paramount. Many factors must be considered when choosing a good domain name. This article summarizes all the different things to consider before making that final registration step!Short and SweetDomain names can be really long or really short (1 - 67 characters). In general, it is far better to choose a domain name that is short in length. The shorter your domain name, the easier it will be for people remember. Remembering a domain name is very important from a marketability perspective. As visitors reach your site and enjoy using it, they will likely tell people about it. And those people may tell others, etc. As with any business, word of mouth is the most powerful marketing tool to drive traffic to your site (and it's free too!). If your site is long and difficult to pronounce, people will not remember the name of the site and unless they bookmark the link, they may never return.Consider AlternativesUnless a visitor reaches your site through a bookmark or a link from another site, they have typed in your domain name. Most people on the internet are terrible typists and misspell words constantly. If your domain name is easy to misspell, you should think about alternate domain names to purchase. For example, if your site will be called "MikesTools.com", you should also consider buying "MikeTools.com" and "MikeTool.com". You should also secure the different top level domain names besides the one you will use for marketing purposes ("MikesTools.net", "MikesTools.org", etc.) You should also check to see if there are existing sites based on the misspelled version of the domain name you are considering. "MikesTools.com" may be available, but "MikesTool.com" may be home to a graphic pornography site. You would hate for a visitor to walk away thinking you were hosting something they did not expect.Also consider domain names that may not include the name of your company, but rather what your company provides. For example, if the name of your company is Mike's Tools, you may want to consider domain names that target what you sell. For example: "buyhammers.com" or "hammer-and-nail.com". Even though these example alternative domain names do not include the name of your company, it provides an avenue for visitors from your target markets. Remember that you can own multiple domain names, all of which can point to a single domain. For example, you could register "buyhammers.com", "hammer-and-nail.com", and "mikestools.com" and have "buyhammers.com" and "hammer-and-nail.com" point to "mikestools.com".Hyphens: Your Friend and EnemyDomain name availability has become more and more scant over the years. Many single word domain names have been scooped up which it makes it more and more difficult to find a domain name that you like and is available. When selecting a domain name, you have the option of including hyphens as part of the name. Hyphens help because it allows you to clearly separate multiple words in a domain name, making it less likely that a person will accidentally misspell the name. For example, people are more likely to misspell "domainnamecenter.com" than they are "domain-name-center.com". Having words crunched together makes it hard on the eyes, increasing the likelihood of a misspelling. On the other hand, hyphens make your domain name longer. The longer the domain name, the easier it is for people to forget it altogether. Also, if someone recommends a site to someone else, they may forget to mention that each word in the domain name is separated by a hyphen. If do you choose to leverage hyphens, limit the number of words between the hyphens to three. Another advantage to using hyphens is that search engines are able to pick up each unique word in the domain name as key words, thus helping to make your site more visible in search engine results.Dot What?There are many top level domain names available today including .com, .net, .org, and .biz. In most cases, the more unusual the top level domain, the more available domain names are available. However, the .com top level domain is far and away the most commonly used domain on the internet, driven by the fact that it was the first domain extension put to use commercially and has received incredible media attention. If you cannot lay your hands on a .com domain name, look for a .net domain name, which is the second most commercially popular domain name extension.Long Arm of the LawBe very careful not to register domain names that include trademarked names. Although internet domain name law disputes are tricky and have few cases in existence, the risk of a legal battle is not a risk worth taking. Even if you believe your domain name is untouchable by a business that has trademarked a name, do not take the chance: the cost of litigation is extremely high and unless you have deep pockets you will not likely have the resources to defend yourself in a court of law. Even stay away from domain names in which part of the name is trademarked: the risks are the same.Search Engines and DirectoriesAll search engines and directories are different. Each has a unique process for being part of the results or directory listing and each has a different way of sorting and listing domain names. Search engines and directories are the most important on-line marketing channel, so consider how your domain name choice affects site placement before you register the domain. Most directories simply list links to home pages in alphabetical order. If possible, choose a domain name with a letter of the alphabet near the beginning ("a" or "b"). For example, "aardvark-pest-control.com" will come way above "joes-pest-control.com". However, check the directories before you choose a domain name. You may find that the directories you would like be in are already cluttered with domain names beginning with the letter "a". Search engines scan websites and sort results based on key words. Key words are words that a person visiting a search engine actually search on. Having key words as part of your domain name can help you get better results.

Starting a new site on the internet is like entering a boundless jungle. You are there, but no one knows you. You sit and wait but no one visit your site. Of course, no one ever heard of your site. You can't earn money when your site has no traffic. You have to promote your site to make it exposed to the world. Only when it's done, you will get traffic and start earning money. Sounds easy. True, site promotion can be easy, yet can be very frustating.One way to promote your site to the world is to submit it to the search engines. However, it may take hours, weeks, or even monthly to get listed in the search engine. At the time you get listed, still you have to face a tough competition in the search result.Fortunately, there is an easier way to "tell the world of your existence". It is by getting your site listed in the web directory. Web directory is not a search engine. The difference is, search engines use keyword to link to site, while web directories use categories and subcategories. This categories are not determined by keyword or a specific page of the site. It's more determined by the topics of your whole site. You can't get listed on every categories on the web directory, even though your site covers a wide range of topics. Web directories also important to boost your site's rank in search engine result page because they give backlinks to your homepage. There are many paid directories with high PageRank who list sites based on the highest amount they paid. Of course this is not an option for everyone. Free web directory also have the same advantage.Other differences of search engines and web directories, is bot usage. Search engine uses crawler bot to index sites, while web directories are human edited. When submitting your site to web directories, make sure you choose the most accurate category for it. An editor will review all the submissions and reject sites with wrong categories.Make sure to read the directory's rules and instruction carefully. Write your site title and description accurately, and never use all-capital letters. Web directories list sites alphabetically, so if you want to include your site's keywords, use the on that start with letter near to the beginning of the alphabet.The best option to start with are DMOZ and Yahoo Directory. But remember, they are the best human-edited directories. They review every submission manually to make the result accurate.

Is there anyone today dare to say that he’s unfamiliar with wireless? Television, radio, cell phones, remote control, alarm, cordless phone, XBOX 360 and Playstation 3 controller, are just small part of the wireless technology.It’s true that wireless can’t replace every cable in the world, such as electric cable (no wireless power or wireless electricity generator so you will still need cable or battery to get electricity) but the benefit of wireless is indeed, undoubtly.Wireless technology is very suitable to replace mouse cables, Local Area Network cable and even Wide Area Netwok. The wireless technology implemented for each of them is different, depends on the distance it covers.Roughly, the stronger a wireless device is, the bigger distance it can cover, and the bigger power it will need as well. You don’t want your cell phone to run out of battery in one minute after you activated the wireless network right? You also don’t want your wireless mouse designed bigger than a coconut.While I learn about networking, feels like there’s no other standardization more confusing than wireless network’s standardization. At first, I thought that the wireless protocol standardization 802.11a must be the first standardization, followed by 802.11b, and the last one, 802.11g, must be the latest. A very wrong thought!There’s an article about the 802.11 standard and its variations by Donald Maurer. It explains the standardization of the 802.11 wireless technology and its details. Which is the first standardization of wireless network technology? Which is the fastest? What are the pros and cons for each of the standardization? There’s also a comparison between wireless network and wired Ethernet network.Why there should be standardization?For a technology used massively, standardization is a must to avoid incompatibility of different vendors’ technology. Different hardware vendors can work together. You won’t be happy when your laptop’s wireless can only be connected to the same brand. Also, additional hardware vendors can make compatible accessories for every brand, based on the standardization.

There’s a joke said that WWW doesn’t stand for World Wide Web, but it’s an abbreviation from World Wild Web. It’s only a joke, but it can be true. The Internet is a wild world where everyone can freely do anything they desire. Spreading virus, capturing other people’s passwords and use it for harmful purpose, post anything they like, and might also breaking into somebody else’s computer.For the last point, it’s not always happened because of the weakness of the victim. Most of computer breaking activities was caused by a flaw in the software used by the victim. Attacker simply exploited the flaw in the software security to gain access to the computer where it’s installed. That’s why it’s very important to keep your software up-to-date, quickly patched when there’s a flaw in its security. Turcu S on articlecity.info write an in-depth view about software security. He’s describing clearly about the risk faced by internet users when using unsecure software and why it is critical that software security is constantly monitored.From all the technical things to defend against malicious attack, users must also defend himself by doing the right thing. I got some tips to make your Internet journey a little bit safer.Always use a trusted browserThere are many browsers, but only few of them can be trusted. Personally I like Firefox, because it has so many plug-ins. But be careful, plug-ins can be one of the backdoor for malicious attempt. If you are a Firefox user, make sure you only use plug-ins certified by Mozilla. The best browser in the term of safety is Google Chrome by Google. It has been proven to be three times harder to exploit than other browsers.Disable your Javascript for unknown sitesJavascript is commonly used features to make web page looks beautiful. But the usage is not limited to that. It also can be used to make a fake web page looks exactly the same as the real site, or to make you automatically download a malicious program. Disable your Javascript from your browser setting makes you safe from this type of attack, but some sites like Gmail or Facebook won’t work well without Javascript.Never trust a link given through Messenger or E-mailSometimes your friend gives you a link. The words on the link might be tempted and interesting. But, do not immediately assume that it’s from your friend. It could be from a computer virus affecting your friend's computer, which automatically sends the link. Confirm with your friend first.Attachment is also a threatBe careful with attachment in your inbox. Same as the link from Messenger/E-mail, attachment can also be sent automatically by a virus.Take advantage of SSL/HTTPSSSL/HTTPS is an encrypted tunnel so the data sent through won’t be easily captured and read by someone else. Be careful when accessing your mailbox from unencrypted hot-spot, someone else might capture and read your emails.